1. How should intelligence be defined?

Intelligence should be defined in compromise of the concept of multiple intelligence and the general intelligence, g factor. There surely seem to be more than one intelligence since some people excel in a specific field when they are as normal as other people in other fields. Incidents of Savant syndrome strongly supports this theory. However, a mathematical pattern can be found in number of master pieces in music and art, such as the golden ratio and such overlapping of artistic sense and mathematical sense suggest the existence of general intelligence. Therefore intelligence should be defined as a ability to perform well in a specific field as well as in a general sense.

2. What are the elements of intelligence?

Based on the previous definition of intelligence, performance in a specific activity and performance in general activity. According to Gardner, there intelligence is consist of 10 sub-intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily kinesthetics, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, spiritual, and existential. Along with the sub-intelligences, a general intelligence element, ability to learn and adapt to a new knowledge and experience are the elements of intelligence.

3. Is intelligence testing valid? ethical?

Intelligence is valid to a certain extent, but it surely cannot be taken as an absolute measure of intelligence but as a relative measure. Intelligence test itself is neither ethical nor unethical. However, people make use of results of intelligence test in that is questionable in ethical sense; using the intelligence test results to make a discrimination between races.

4. How can variations in intelligence be explained?

Variations in intelligence derive from the differences in nature and nurture. Children born from parents with relatively high intelligence will also have a relatively high intelligence due to the genentic reason. However, genetically twins reared apart in different environment, under different parents also showed differences in intelligences. Therefore nature, genetic factors, and nurture, environmental factors, creates variations in intelligence.

Class room visit:

We visited elementary kids with several experiments to test their cognitive development.
Three of the experiments were: square vs. blue, coin and rice experiement.

In the square vs. blue experiment, we cut out more squares than cirlces out of a blue paper and asked the kids whether there are more squares or blues. All of the children my group answered that there are more squares. They did not realize or recognize that the circles were also blue color thus there are more blue shapes and square. Other groups reported that there were some kids who got the answer correct but then even those few took a very long time to figure out the correct answer. These results clearly indicates that the kids we experiments with, aging from 5 to 7, did not reach the cognitive developmental stage to understand the concept of subset and a whole set.

In the coin experiment, we lined up 10 coins closed together and 9 coins quite far from each other, under the 10 coins, so that the

Results of the Emotional IQ Test

	Emotional IQ
Your score = 118

What does your score mean?

Your Emotional IQ is excellent - much higher than average. This means that, in general, you are able to express your feelings clearly in appropriate situations. You are optimistic and positive, and adapt well to changed circumstances. You deal effectively with stress, interact with others and communicate adequately. You are comfortable with yourself, and you know and appreciate your talents and strong points as well as your weaknesses. You are able to motivate yourself, find the energy and the strength necessary to complete what you need to do to reach your goals. You are one of the resilient people who bounce back after major drawbacks, survive hardship without bitterness, and still manage to empathize with others. These skills will certainly bring you long-term benefits such as stronger relationships, better health and personal happiness.

I think the test was fun. I had fun doing it. Although I think the description is true that I don't really worry about things, but I think that another problem that I have that I don't worry TOO MUCH. I just always say that things will "somehow" work out and chill or relax and I think I lack will power as well. Although I know that I lack it I don't really do anything about it hahahaha although I sometimes wanna enhance my will power, Im not really worried about it -_-;;;

Buried alive

Motivations of the survivors:
-shelter: temp, safety
-food&water
-ethical dignity: refused to eat human (at least for a while)
-survival(home)

Gregoric Style Delineator:

Gregoric Style Delineator is a test that figures out people's cognitive style.
Based on the delineator, there are four different cognitive styles:
-Concrete Sequential (CS)
-Concrete Random (CR)
-Abstract Sequential (AS)
-Abstract Random (AR)

and I scored:
-CS: 19
-CR: 22
-AR: 32
-CR: 27

The scores show that my dominant cognitive style is Abstract Random (AR).

According to the test, I do not order things in a linear fashion but in a multi-dimensional web-style and I'd understand better by looking at the general picture of what I'm trying to understand rather than looking at the details from the according to the order.

I agreed the most at the use of language which says that that I cannot talk without using gestures and that I like to talk in sentence fragments or "chunks" that contains a lot of meanings to it.
In addition to that, it also stated that I am a day-dreamer who seems to be empty most of the times and comes up with the most unexpected idea.

 What is the relationship between memory and selfhood?

The relationship between memory and selfhood is rather complex. We are whom we believe us to be, based upon the memories of the experiences.

Our selfhood is like a reflection of our experiences. However, our memories of the experiences are influenced by emotion and many other factors. Such characteristics of memories refract some of the understandings of our experiences and influence the idea of selfhood.

What new discovery about memory do you find most interesting?

The fact that traumatic events could be either be left in one’s memory as an indelible memory or be repressed or become amnesia was the more interesting discovery.

When an emotionally arousing event happens in one’s life, the hormonal activity causes neural activities, muscle tension, increase in heartbeat. Such activities will repeat each time one encounters similar situation. When the activities repeat each time, same hormonal and neuron paths of the memory will bind even tighter.

However, in cases of traumatic repression or amnesia, an emotionally arousing event is never consolidated in long-term memory and therefore one cannot recall it.

What is the homunculus crisis?

Memories are not stored in a specific location on the brain, but in various neural networks. However, what ignites the memories to come back are unknown. Memories are recalled through a vast range of neural activities in networks located in different sites of brain. The homunculus crisis is the mystery of what retriggers the complicated replication of neural activities.

Which theory of dreams finds support in the experiments by Lynch?

The cognitive theory of dreams by Winson finds support in the experiments by Lynch.

Winson argued that dreams are replay of daily experiences that helps us to remember what had happened during the day.

In Lynch’s experiment revealed that compared to the rats’ brain exploring in the maze, same brain cells’ fired when the rats were sleeping. This illustrates that rats brains work just as they are exploring the maze when they are sleeping and their learning enhances when they are sleeping.

How can some memories become indelible?

Most of the indelible memories are memories that involved strong emotional arousals. In such events, strong hormonal activities take place, which regulates muscle tension, strong heartbeat and neural paths in the brain. Then when one encounters a similar situation, the same hormonal activities will be repeated. However, when such activities are repeated, the memory is recalled binding the activities even tighter. When the memory that accompanies the activities is overly generalize and recalled restlessly, the binding will be so strong that it will not just be permanent but indelible.

How can amnesia and repression be explained?

Repression is when one cannot remember an event for a while and later retrieves it and amnesia is when an event was never encoded in the long-term memory.

When an explicit memory is recalled, it must first go through hippocampus. Since both amnesia and repression are both impairment in recalling explicit events, it suggests malfunction of hippocampus. Siegel thought that individuals “dissociate” themselves from the unbearable traumatic events, which then would cause either repression or amnesia.

Explain the following statement: "Memory is more reconstructive than reproductive."

“Memory is more reconstructive tan reproductive” means that details wear out in our memory as time passes but we can “reconstruct” the event to tell based on the general situation of the memory. John Neisser showed a great memory of what happened and what was said, general events, he mis-recalled the who said those, the details.

What new paradigm of memory is now emerging?

The new paradigm of memory says that memory is not an absolute recall of what one experienced but a complex mixture of emotion, experience, facts and opinions of one about oneself. Meaning that memories are altered by emotion at that time and facts when they are encoded and altered once again when they are retrieved by one’s opinion about oneself, and one’s experiences.

After reading this article, what conclusions can you make about memory?

After reading this article, I make a conclusion that no matter how vivid the memories are and how confident we are about them, memories are quite an unreliable source of a recall. It is greatly influenced by emotion and how it was retrieved, diction of the questions asked, mood of the day and etc, and we might even have a memory of an event that never happened.

Demonstration 5: Memory if often a Reconstruction

The class was asked to remember 10 shapes.
Then when we were about to recall the shapes Mr. Peter gave us a sheet with hints on it.
Although it didn't really work with Fik and I, the result of the test was supposed to be influenced by the hints on the sheet. For example, if the hint was diamond inside rectangle, the side of the interior shape of the rectangle should had been more straight than those who got the hint saying, window with curtains.

although that was the ideal of the experiment. there was barely any differences between my and my partner's recall of the shapes despite the different hints. I cannot really tell why that happened but MAYBE our class has been doing such test quite often that we are trained to remember stuff more accurately than before...... may be......